Foxwoods casino hotel

Hotel and casino complex in Connecticut

Foxwoods Resort Casino
Location	Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Reservation
Address	Trolley Line Boulevard Ledyard, CT
Opening date	July 5, (bingo) February 15, (casino) (hotel)
Theme	Native American
No. of rooms	2,
Total gaming space	,&#;sq&#;ft (32,&#;m2)
Casino type	Land-Based
Owner	Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Nation
Previous names	Mashantucket Pequot Bingo Hall (–)
Renovated&#;in	, –, –, –
Coordinates	41°28′26″N71°57′29″W / °N °W / ;
Website	Property Website

Foxwoods Resort Casino is a hotel and casino complex owned and operated by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation on their reservation located in Ledyard, Connecticut. Including six casinos, the resort covers an area of 9,,&#;sq&#;ft (,&#;m²). The casinos have more than gaming tables for blackjack, craps, roulette, and poker, and have more than 5, slot machines.^[1][2] The casinos also have several restaurants, among them a Hard Rock Cafe. It has been developed since changes in state and federal laws in the late 20th century enabled Native American gaming on the sovereign reservations of federally recognized tribes.

Foxwoods has two hotel towers, with a total of 2, hotel rooms; and an arcade for children and teens. The original tower, the Grand Pequot Tower, opened in , while the second opened in as the MGM Grand. It was re-branded the Fox Tower in ^[3] In , a retail complex, known as Tanger Outlet Mall, opened between the two hotel towers with 85 stores featuring luxury goods.^[4]

History[edit]

Main article: Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement

The Mashantucket Pequot Tribe gained federal recognition and legal control of their reservation by an act of Congress in , which overrode a veto by President Ronald Reagan.^[5] The tribe moved forward with development. They founded Foxwoods in as a high-stakes bingo hall on their reservation.

The tribe partnered with Lim Goh Tong, a Chinese Malaysian who founded the only legal casino in Malaysia, for financing to expand Foxwoods into a full gaming casino.^[6][7]

In , the tribe added table games, followed by additional slot machines in G. Michael Brown became the chairman of the casino in In an agreement negotiated with the state of Connecticut, to gain their approval of the casino, the tribe agreed to pay 25&#;percent of the slot revenue to the state, a sum that amounted to almost $ million per year as of ^[update].^[8] In the fiscal year ending June , Foxwoods' 6, slots handled more than $ billion. In January , the "hold" was $45 million.^[9] A poker room and a high-limit table game area were added in

Because Foxwoods is located on sovereign Mashantucket Pequot land, it is not required to comply with state laws related to smoking. Constructed in , the casino is not a smoke-free facility. Due to complaints in the early 21st century from patrons and employees, it has designated many common areas, such as hallways, walkways, hotel lobbies, retail stores, and most restaurants, as non-smoking areas. In addition, it has designated certain areas for smokers. The poker room is non-smoking, and separate table gaming and slot areas are designated as non-smoking.

In , the associated deluxe Grand Pequot Tower was opened for business.

Foxwoods was once reported to be the world's largest casino,^[10] though it was later surpassed by the Venetian Macau.^[11]

Debt default[edit]

For years after opening in , Foxwoods had a monopoly on casino gambling in the region.^[12] It made billions of dollars in profits.^{[citation needed]} Shortly before the market recession of , Foxwoods borrowed heavily to finance a massive expansion to include new hotel and conference facilities.^[13] Starting in , Foxwoods defaulted on debts totaling over two billion dollars.^[14] As a result, in Standard & Poor's lowered Foxwoods' credit rating.^[15] The Mashantucket Pequot, owners of Foxwoods, have applied for and received millions of dollars in federal grants.^[16]

Design[edit]

Over time, the casino management achieved full build-out of the resort by hiring several design and construction entities. The majority of the work from to was completed by Construction Managers CR Klewin aka Klewin Building Co. and the Architect of Record was JCJ Architecture (formerly Jeter, Cook & Jepson) of Hartford, Connecticut. Planning and concept designs were by New England Design Inc. and Nick Inc. Later phases were completed by Shawmut Design & Construction, Perini Building Co., AZ Corporation, and others, with design work by Steelman Partners, HKS, Inc., and others. The resort managers revamped the whole resort and casino, re-branding it as "The Fox".^[17] Additionally, the resort's appearance inspires frequent comparisons or references to it as "Emerald City", from the film Wizard of Oz.^[18][19][20]

Gaming[edit]

Games available at Foxwoods include:

• Traditional "big table" Baccarat (Punto Banco style) and "Mini-Baccarat", where a dealer handles the cards. In both variants the casino banks the game.
• Bingo, with a bingo hall able to accommodate up to players.
• Blackjack with 6- or 8-deck shoes. A variant called Spanish 21 is also played. The casino offers a rare "Dollar blackjack" table (minimum bet is $1).
• Craps.
• Keno drawings.
• A money wheel in the Fox Tower
• Pai gow is offered in the Asian gaming section of the Rainmaker Casino.
• Sic Bo, an Asian game with three dice in a shaker, is also played in the Asian gaming section.^[21]
• Table variants of poker (played against the house) include Caribbean Stud Poker, Casino war, Crazy 4 poker, High Five poker, Let It Ride, Pai Gow Poker, Texas Hold 'Em bonus, and Three card poker.
• Roulette: Almost all of the wheels are of the American variety (with two green spots, 0 and 00), although there are a few European-style wheels with only one zero.
• Slot machines: It has 3, slot machines.^[22]
• Stargazer Room: The VIP room. This section requires a minimum of 20,, coins in your account.^[23]
• A race book facility with a cafe. Bets may be made on Jai-Alai. They may also be made on a total of more than 60 tracks (combined) for dog racing and horse racing. Races are projected on foot (15&#;m) high digital screens.

Poker (formerly WPT World Poker Room)[edit]

The Poker Room (formerly known as the WPT-World Poker Tour World Poker Room until )^[A] is located one floor below the Rainmaker Casino. Poker games of varying stakes are conducted here, including limit and no-limit Texas hold 'em, limit and pot-limit Omaha hold 'em (including hi/lo), and seven-card stud (high only and hi/lo).

The poker room was relocated and expanded in March , increasing the number of tables from 76 to , making it the largest poker room outside California. It is the third-largest poker room in the world, after the Commerce Casino and the Bicycle Casino.^[25][26]

Sporting events / entertainment[edit]

Since , three major mixed martial arts events have been held at Foxwoods: UFC Fight Night: Jacaré vs. Mousasi, World Series of Fighting Branch vs. McElligott and, most recently World Series of Fighting Fitch vs. Okami.

Fox Tower[edit]

Construction started in November on a $ million expansion at Foxwoods. On April 25, , Foxwoods announced that they would lease the MGM Grand brand name for the new building, and that MGM Mirage would be a partner in the expansion project. The expansion, entitled MGM Grand at Foxwoods, opened on May 17, It is a separate building from the main Foxwoods resort. A moving walkway and Tanger Outlets Foxwoods (built in ), now connect the two complexes. Amenities at the MGM Grand at Foxwoods included:^[27]

• 53 table games
• 1, slot machines
• hotel rooms/suites
• 4, seat performing arts theater
• Four restaurants and four retail outlets

In late , MGM Mirage split from Foxwoods. The tribe renamed the building as The Fox Tower, part of a re-branding effort as they face new competition from other casinos in the region.^[4]

In , Tanger Outlets Foxwoods opened within the complex, located between the two hotel towers. Constructed for $ million, the store mall features luxury brands.^[4]

Attractions[edit]

Restaurants[edit]

Unionization of employees[edit]

Beginning with an employee-led website to gain support and share ideas of how to react to changes employees had been going through, a small base of employees approached several union organizations to explore unionizing of dealers at Foxwoods Resort Casino. After the dealer group decided on the United Auto Workers in June , the UAW helped start collecting signatures from dealers in support of a union. The UAW announced in September that it had collected the requisite number of signatures needed to hold an election to determine whether table games and poker dealers desired union representation or not.

The Tribe challenged the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board for their on-reservation Native American enterprises. Following hearings and review of the petitions, the NLRB ruled in favor of the union and ordered a union election to be conducted. On November 24, , employees voted to unionize: 60&#;percent were in favor and 40&#;percent were against.^[30] The Foxwoods dealers cast 1, ballots for the union, against representation, with challenges to 36 additional ballots. Approximately 2, dealers and dual-rate dealers were eligible to vote in the election.

After the workers won the right to unionize, Foxwoods Casino appealed the election results, reasserting its jurisdictional challenge. In addition, it said that the NLRB had made mistakes in conducting the vote. It had printed the ballot only in English and provided notices explaining the election in only one form of the Chinese language, thereby disenfranchising workers who spoke other languages. Furthermore, it said that interactions between union officials and some voters were unlawful.^[31] An NLRB Administrative Law Judge ruled that the union and the board provided ample explanation of the election in a variety of languages. Foxwoods appealed the decision.

The Foxwoods dealers' union asked the state of Connecticut to improve the conditions of their workplace. Workers and union organizers pushed for legislation to ban smoking on the casino floors of Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun. The Mashantucket tribe opposed a complete ban on smoking; however, in May Connecticut Governor M. Jodi Rell signed an agreement with Foxwoods by which they would limit smoking areas in the casino.^[32]

On January 26, , dealers at Foxwoods reached a labor contract with the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe. They are the largest group of union-represented dealers at any U.S. casino.^[33] On August 7, , the union announced a tentative new contract that would give dealers retroactive and future raises, set stricter limits on second-hand smoke, and give dealers the right to decide how tips are distributed.^[34]

In April , an additional cleaning and maintenance workers voted to join the UAW.^[35]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

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